TNPSC Group-I Original Question Paper with Explanatory Answers – 2021               1 – 48

General Studies

History and culture of india…………………………………………………… 1 – 160

  l Indian national movement

  l world wars & new Socio-economic order………………………… 161 – 176

Geography…………………………………………………………………………. 1 – 176

  l political geography and geo informatics………………………. 177 – 192

political thoughts……………………………………………………………….. 1 – 32

Indian Polity………………………………………………………………………. 1 – 128

Economy……………………………………………………………………………. 1 – 112

Development Administration in Tamilnadu……………………………………. 1 – 80

General Science…………………………………………………………………… 1 – 336

   l Physics  l Chemistry  l Biology

Aptitude and Mental Ability

Mathematics                                                                                                        1 – 96

Logical Reasoning                                                                                             97 – 160

Current Events

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TNPSC

Combined Civil Services Examination –II

(Interview Posts and Non-Interview Posts)

General Studies (Preliminary Examination)

Topics for Objective Type

SYLLABUS RELEASED BT TNPSC ON 27-09-2019

UNIT–I : GENERAL SCIENCE
i. Scientific Knowledge and Scientific temper – Power of Reasoning – Rote Learning Vs Conceptual Learning – Science as a tool to understand the past, present and future.
ii. Nature of Universe – General Scientific Laws – Mechanics – Properties of Matter, Force, Motion and Energy – Everyday application of the basic principles of Mechanics, Electricity and Magnetism, Light, Sound, Heat, Nuclear Physics, Laser, Electronics and Communications.
iii. Elements and Compounds, Acids, Bases, Salts, Petroleum Products, Fertilizers, Pesticides.
iv. Main concepts of Life Science, Classification of Living Organisms, Evolution, Genetics, Physiology, Nutrition, Health and Hygiene, Human diseases.
v. Environment and Ecology

UNIT–II : CURRENT EVENTS
i. History – Latest diary of events – National symbols – Profile of States – Eminent personalities and places in news – Sports – Books and authors.
ii. Polity – Political parties and political system in India – Public awareness and General administration – Welfare oriented Government schemes and their utility, Problems in Public Delivery Systems.
iii. Geography – Geographical landmarks.
iv. Economics – Current socio – economic issues.
v. Science – Latest inventions in Science and Technology.

UNIT– III : GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA
i. Location – Physical features – Monsoon, rainfall, weather and climate – Water resources – Rivers in India – Soil, minerals and natural resources – Forest and wildlife – Agricultural pattern.
ii. Transport – Communication.
iii. Social geography – Population density and distribution – Racial, linguistic groups and major tribes.
iv. Natural calamity – Disaster Management – Environmental pollution: Reasons and preventive measures – Climate change – Green energy.

UNIT – IV: HISTORY AND CULTURE OF INDIA
i. Indus valley civilization – Guptas, Delhi Sultans, Mughals and Marathas – Age of Vijayanagaram and Bahmani Kingdoms – South Indian history.
ii. Change and Continuity in the Socio – Cultural History of India.
iii. Characteristics of Indian culture, Unity in diversity – Race, language, custom.
iv. India as a Secular State, Social Harmony.

UNIT-V: INDIAN POLITY
i. Constitution of India – Preamble to the Constitution – Salient features of the Constitution – Union, State and Union Territory.
ii. Citizenship, Fundamental rights, Fundamental duties, Directive Principles of State Policy.
iii. Union Executive, Union legislature – State Executive, State Legislature – Local governments, Panchayat Raj.
iv. Spirit of Federalism : Centre – State Relationships.
v. Election – Judiciary in India – Rule of law.
vi. Corruption in public life – Anti-corruption measures – Lokpal and LokAyukta – Right to Information – Empowerment of women – Consumer protection forums, Human rights charter.

UNIT-VI: INDIAN ECONOMY
i. Nature of Indian economy – Five year plan models – an assessment – Planning Commission and Niti Aayog.
ii. Sources of revenue – Reserve Bank of India – Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy – Finance Commission – Resource sharing between Union and State Governments – Goods and Services Tax.
iii. Structure of Indian Economy and Employment Generation, Land reforms and Agriculture – Application of Science and Technology in agriculture – Industrial growth – Rural welfare oriented programmes – Social problems – Population, education, health, employment, poverty.

UNIT-VII: INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
i. National renaissance – Early uprisings against British rule – Indian National Congress – Emergence of leaders – B.R.Ambedkar, Bhagat Singh, Bharathiar, V.O.Chidambaranar, Jawaharlal Nehru, Kamarajar, Mahatma Gandhi, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Thanthai Periyar, Rajaji, Subash Chandra Bose and others.
ii. Different modes of Agitation: Growth of Satyagraha and Militant movements.
iii. Communalism and partition.

UNIT- VIII : History, Culture, Heritage and Socio – Political Movements in Tamil Nadu
i. History of Tamil Society, related Archaeological discoveries, Tamil Literature from Sangam age till contemporary times.
ii. Thirukkural : (a) Significance as a Secular literature
(b) Relevance to Everyday Life
(c) Impact of Thirukkural on Humanity
(d) Thirukkural and Universal Values – Equality, Humanism, etc
(e) Relevance to Socio – Politico – Economic affairs
(f) Philosophical content in Thirukkural
iii. Role of Tamil Nadu in freedom struggle – Early agitations against British Rule – Role of women in freedom struggle.
iv. Evolution of 19th and 20th Century Socio – Political movements in Tamil Nadu – Justice Party, Growth of Rationalism – Self Respect Movement, Dravidian movement and Principles underlying both these movements, Contributions of Thanthai Periyar and Perarignar Anna.

UNIT – IX : Development Administration in Tamil Nadu
i. Human Development Indicators in Tamil Nadu and a comparative assessment across the Country – Impact of Social Reform movements in the Socio – Economic Development of Tamil Nadu.
ii. Political parties and Welfare schemes for various sections of people – Rationale behind Reservation Policy and access to Social Resources – Economic trends in Tamil Nadu – Role and impact of social welfare schemes in the Socio – economic development of Tamil Nadu.
iii. Social Justice and Social Harmony as the Cornerstones of Socio – Economic development.
iv. Education and Health systems in Tamil Nadu.
v. Geography of Tamil Nadu and its impact on Economic growth.
vi. Achievements of Tamil Nadu in various fields.
vii. e-governance in Tamil Nadu.

UNIT-X: APTITUDE AND MENTAL ABILITY
i. Simplification – Percentage – Highest Common Factor (HCF) – Lowest Common Multiple (LCM).
ii. Ratio and Proportion.
iii. Simple interest – Compound interest – Area – Volume – Time and Work.
iv. Logical Reasoning – Puzzles – Dice – Visual Reasoning – Alpha numeric Reasoning – Number Series.

We have paid extra attention on questions asked in previous years’ questions. We have also published a separate guide containing “Previous years’ Question and Answers with explanatory answers.” In most cases, we have given explanations for all the four choices given under each question. We can plainly challenge that no other guide or mostly copied online materials can match our standard guide.
Read the syllabus and go through a few pages from our guide given for your perusal. Buy the guide. Don’t read. Study each line. Your success is assured.
25 questions are asked on Arithmetic and Logical Reasoning. Those who have shown special interest on mathematics can answer the questions on arithmetic easily. But you have to develop special skills to answer Logical Reasoning. It needs constant practice, as it consumes your precious time in the exam. which you may not feel.
We have given a lot of exercises and practice tests.

The syllabus for Preliminary exam. of Group II covers also – History of Tamil Society, Findings from Archaeological excavations, History of Tamil Literature from Sangam age to the present day, Role played by Tamilnadu in Independence movement, Politico – Social movements in Tamilnadu in 19th & 20th centuries, Human Relations, Administrative Reforms in Tamilnadu and e-governance.

In the recent notification issued by TNPSC on 21.10.2019, it is given that much importance would be given to the subjects mentioned in the above paragraph. Hence we have given all the materials related to them in Tamil itself (as spearate guide book priced at Rs.350), as it is now clear that the examinees without deep knowledge in Tamil cannot clear the Prelims.

In addition to these topics, the syllabus covers, social justice, self-respect movement, Education and Health in Tamilnadu.

Emphatic importance has been given to Thirukkural. Society, polity, economy and humanism as expounded in Thirukkural also form part of the syllabus.

கணிதவியல் (புதிய சமச்சீர் 2020-21)

எண்ணியல்  2 – 32

முழுக்கள் மற்றும் பின்னங்கள் 32 – 40

விகிதமுறு எண்கள்   40 – 48

மெய்யெண்கள்    49 – 58

விகிதம் மற்றும் விகிதசமம்    58 – 62

நேர் மற்றும் எதிர் விகிதங்கள் 62 – 69

வாழ்வியல் கணிதம் (பட்டியல், இலாபம், நட்டம், சதவீதம், தனிவட்டி மற்றும் கூட்டுவட்டி)   69 – 107

அளவைகள் 107 – 114

அளவியல்   114 – 170

வடிவியல்    171 – 220

ஆயத்தொலை வடிவியல் 220 – 233

முக்கோணவியல்     234 – 242

இயற்கணிதம்     243 – 296

புள்ளியியல் மற்றும் நிகழ்தகவு     296 – 330

கணங்கள்    330 – 340

உறவுகளும் சார்புகளும்    341 – 344

எண்களும் தொடர் வரிசைகளும்    344 – 358

சமச்சீர்த்தன்மை 358 – 360

தகவல் செயலாக்கம் 360 – 375

For Quick Revision   376 – 384

கணிதவியல் (சமச்சீர் 2017-18)

ஆ மீப்பெரு பொது வகுத்தி மற்றும் மீச்சிறு பொது மடங்கு (HCF and LCM)   2 –   4

ஆ விகிதம், விகித சமம், நேர் விகிதம் (Ratio, Proportion and Direct Variation 5 –   8

ஆ கால அளவைகள் (Measures of Time) 8 – 12

ஆ நேர்மாறல் எதிர்மாறல் (Chain Rule)  12 – 16

ஆ அளவையியல் (Mensuration  17 – 33

ஆ இயற்கணிதம் (Algebra)  34 – 43

ஆ இலாபம் மற்றும் நஷ்டம்  (Profit and Loss)   44 – 50

ஆ சதவீதம் (Percentage)    51 – 54

ஆ தனிவட்டி (Simple Interest) 54 – 57

ஆ கூட்டுவட்டி (Compound Interest     58 – 63

ஆ எண்ணியல் (Numeracy)   64 – 72

ஆ சுருக்குதல் (Simplification) 73 – 76

ஆ காலம் மற்றும் வேலை (Time and Work 76 – 81

ஆ காலம், தூரம் மற்றும் வேகம் (Time, Distance and Speed)    81 – 90

ஆ வயது கணக்கீடுகள் (Problems on Age) 90 – 95

ஆ கணவியல் (Theory of Sets)   96 – 101

ஆ அணிகள் (Matrix)      102 – 104

ஆ புள்ளியியல் (Statistics)    104 – 118

ஆ கூட்டுத் தொடர் மற்றும் பெருக்குத் தொடர் (Arithmetic and geometric progressions)   118 – 129

ஆ வடிவியல் (Geometry)   129 – 144

ஆ நிகழ்தகவு (Probability)    144 – 152

ஆ தரவு விளக்கம் (Data Interpretation)    153 – 158

ஆ அடிமான முறை (Base Numeral System)   159 – 160

உய்த்துணர்தல் / புரிதிறன்

1.   மாறுபட்ட ஒன்றைத் தேர்ந்தெடுத்தல்    2 – 7

2.   விடுபட்ட எண்கள்     7 – 18

3.   தொடர்களை பூர்த்தி செய்யும் திறன்     18 – 22

4.   குறியீடு – மறுகுறியீடு     22 – 33

5.   ஒப்புமைத் திறனறிதல்     33 – 39

6.   கணிதக் குறியீடுகளின் இடமாற்று முறை    40 – 47

7.   திசையறியும் திறன்   47 – 57

8.   தரவரிசை    57 – 66

9.   வென்படங்கள்    66 – 75

10.  பகடைக் கணக்கு 75 – 79

11.  இருக்கை அமைப்பு முறை     80 – 87

12.  இரத்த உறவுகள் 87 – 95

13.  வரைபட எண்ணிக்கை     95 – 101

14.  ஆங்கில எழுத்துகளின் வரிசை முறை   101 – 106

15.  சொல் உருவாக்கம்    107 – 108

16.  விடுபட்ட எழுத்துகள் 108 – 111

17.  பகுப்பாய்வு திறன்     111 – 114

18.  சமன்பாடுகள்     115 – 117

19.  பல்வகை வினாக்கள் 117 – 131

20.  ஒப்புமை அறியும் திறன்   132 – 138

21.  தொடரைப் பூர்த்தி செய்யும் திறன் 138 – 144

22.  பொருந்தாத ஒன்றைத்  தேர்ந்தெடுத்தல் 144 – 149

23.  ஒத்த தன்மையுடைய வடிவ  அமைப்புகள்   149 – 153

24.  வகைப்படுத்துதல்     153 – 154

25.  கண்ணாடி பிம்பம், நீர் பிம்பம்   155 – 160

திறனறிவுத் தேர்வு – கணிதவியல்

TNPSC ஒரிஜினல் வினாத்தாள்கள் விளக்கமான விடைகளுடன் (2013-2019) 1 – 96 

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பொருளடக்கம்

TNPSC GROUP – I முதன்மைத் தேர்வு (Main Exam) 2016 தாள்-1 ஒரிஜினல் வினாத்தாள் விரிவான விடைகளுடன்

TNPSC GROUP – I முதன்மைத் தேர்வு (Main Exam) 2015 தாள்-1 ஒரிஜினல் வினாத்தாள் விரிவான விடைகளுடன்  

TNPSC GROUP – I முதன்மைத் தேர்வு (Main Exam) 2016 தாள்-2 ஒரிஜினல் வினாத்தாள் விரிவான விடைகளுடன்

TNPSC GROUP – I முதன்மைத் தேர்வு (Main Exam) 2015 தாள்-2 ஒரிஜினல் வினாத்தாள் விரிவான விடைகளுடன்

TNPSC GROUP – I முதன்மைத் தேர்வு (Main Exam) 2016 தாள்-3 ஒரிஜினல் வினாத்தாள் விரிவான விடைகளுடன்

TNPSC GROUP – I முதன்மைத் தேர்வு (Main Exam) 2015 தாள்-3 ஒரிஜினல் வினாத்தாள் விரிவான விடைகளுடன்

தாள் – 1

1. நவீன இந்திய வரலாறு மற்றும் இந்திய கலாச்சாரம், சமீபத்திய நாட்குறிப்பு நிகழ்வுகள், 2. இந்திய மற்றும் தமிழ்நாட்டில் காணப்படும் சமூகப் பிரச்சனைகள்

3. திறனறிவுத்தேர்வு (கணிதவியல்), தகவல் தொழில்நுட்பம்

பகுதி 1 – நவீன இந்திய வரலாறு மற்றும் இந்திய கலாச்சாரம்

    சமீபத்திய நாட்குறிப்பு நிகழ்வுகள்

பகுதி 2 – இந்திய மற்றும் தமிழ்நாட்டில் காணப்படும் சமூகப் பிரச்சனைகள்

பகுதி 3 – திறனறிவுத்தேர்வு (கணிதவியல்)

    தகவல் தொழில்நுட்பம்

தாள் – 2

1. இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பு மற்றும் உலக அரசியலில் உள்ள சூழ்நிலைகளும்

அதனால் ஏற்படும் மாற்றங்களும்

2. அறிவியல் மற்றும் தொழில்நுட்ப வளர்ச்சியின் மாற்றங்களும் விளைவுகளும்,

3. தமிழ் சமூகம், கலாச்சாரம் மற்றும் பாரம்பரியம்

பகுதி 1 – இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பு மற்றும் இந்தியாவில் விளைவுகளை ஏற்படுத்தும்

உலகின் வளர்ந்துவரும் அரசியல் நடைமுறைகள்

பகுதி 2 – அறிவியல் மற்றும் தொழில்நுட்ப வளர்ச்சியின் மாற்றங்களும் விளைவுகளும்

பகுதி 3 – தமிழ் சமூகம், கலாச்சாரம் மற்றும் பாரம்பரியம்

தாள் – 3

1. இந்தியப் புவியியல் – தமிழ்நாட்டின் சிறப்பு குறிப்புகளுடன்

2. சூழ்நிலையியல், பல்லுயிர் தன்மை, பேரிடர் மேலாண்மை

3. இந்தியப் பொருளாதாரம் உலகப் பொருளாதாரத்தின் மாற்றம் மற்றும் தாக்கம்

பகுதி 1 – இந்தியப் புவியியல் – தமிழ்நாட்டின் சிறப்பு குறிப்புகளுடன்

பகுதி 2 – சூழ்நிலையியல், பல்லுயிர் தன்மை, பேரிடர் மேலாண்மை

பகுதி 3 – இந்தியப் பொருளாதாரம் – சமகால பொருளாதாரத்தின் போக்குகள் மற்றும்

உலக பொருளாதாரம் இந்தியாவின் மீது ஏற்படுத்தும் தாக்கம்

During that period, an industrial estate at Ambattur near Chennai, the biggest one in Asia was started. many ancillary industries set up there helped major industries, Now Tamilnadu is hub of motor vehicle industry.

We cannot say that the subsequent governments did not pay attention on industrial development of Tamilnadu. Their concentration was diverted toward political and social issues of regional character. Though, here and there, a few industrial estates were promoted, they have yielded the desired results. Globalisation brought a few industries to Tamilnadu. But they could not generate enough employment opportunities. Against all these, odds, the development contributed by the individuals in the corruption-ridden atmosphere is laudable. The generation of new era does not look to government for help.

Naturally the industries which offer economic upliftment of the people, bring with the health hazards. The social and health awareness of the masses in the recent years, have erupt into agitation on mass scale. One such agitation was that against ‘Sterlite’ industries at Tuticorin.

The day-to-day atmospheric pollution and slow underground pollution have evoked mass protests to close that industry. Though many safeguards were laid down by Pollution Control Board and Green Tribunal’s orders were not strictly followed by the above said industry. The government has also turned a blind eye. The result was peoples’ movement and consequent untoward incidents.

The demand for closure of industries will vitiate the industrial atmosphere of Tamilnadu. Before any hazardous industry is allowed to lay its footprint, the government must examine all the aspects. Industrial development without all-round social and health awareness is sham. As Tamilnadu is a major agricultural State, the agri-based industries can be encouraged. Further the industries should not be allowed to concentrate around Chennai. They must be spread across the length and breadth of the State especially in Southern districts where land and skilled labour are available.

Even now certain hazardous industries activities are taking places in places where leather based and dyeing based industries. The result will be known after several years, when Tamilnadu struggles for drinking water. Industrial development is of course the order of the day, but hazardous industries which pose threat immediately but after a few years also must not be allowed to function at the expense of the human survival.

துணை ஆட்சியர், டிஎஸ்பி, வணிகவரி உதவி ஆணையர், கூட்டுறவு சங்கங்களின் துணைப் பதிவாளர், மாவட்ட பதிவாளர், ஊரக வளர்ச்சி உதவி இயக்குநர், மாவட்ட வேலைவாய்ப்பு அலுவலர், மாவட்ட தீயணைப்பு மற்றும் மீட்புப்பணி அலுவலர் ஆகிய பதவிகளில் 139 காலியிடங்களை நிரப்பும் பொருட்டு குரூப்-1 முதல்நிலைத்தேர்வுக்கு மார்ச் 3-ம் தேதி அன்று நடைபெற உள்ளது. இத்தேர்வுக்கு பட்டதாரிகள் விண்ணப்பிக்கலாம்.

வயது வரம்பு இதற்கு வயது வரம்பு பொதுப்பிரிவினருக்கு 32 ஆகவும், இடஒதுக்கீட்டுப் பிரிவினருக்கு 37 ஆகவும் நிர்ணயிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. இதற்கான ஆன்லைன் பதிவு ஜனவரி 1-ம் தேதி தொடங்கியது. இத்தேர்வுக்கு விண்ணப்பிக்க விரும்புவோர் டிஎன்பிஎஸ்சி இணையதளத்தை (www.tnpsc.gov.in) பயன்படுத்தி ஆன்லைன் மூலமாக மட்டுமே விண்ணப்பிக்க வேண்டும்.

டிஎன்பிஎஸ்சி ஏற்கெனவே அறிவித்தபடி, முதல்நிலைத்தேர்வுக்கு விண்ணப்பிக்க கடைசிநாள் ஜனவரி 31-ம் தேதி ஆகும். இத்தேர்வில் தேர்ச்சி பெறுவோர் முதன்மைத்தேர்வுக்கு அனுமதிக்கப்படுவோர். இந்த எண்ணிக்கை “ஒரு காலியிடத்துக்கு 50 பேர்” என்ற விகிதாச்சாரத்தில் அமைந்திருக்கும்.

TNPSC Recruitment 2019 139 Group 1 Posts:

Name of the Post & No of Vacancies:

TNPSC Invites Applications for the Following Posts

Eligibility Criteria for TNPSC Group 1 Vacancies:

Educational Qualification: (As on 01.01.2019)

Applicants should possess the following or its equivalent qualification:-

Provided that, other things being equal, preference will be given to the applicants, who posses the qualification mentioned against each of the following posts:-

Note (i) The qualification prescribed for these posts should have been obtained by passing the required qualification in the order of studies, viz., 10th + HSC or its equivalent + U.G. Degree from the recognised Institutions as required under Section 25 of Tamil Nadu Government Servants (Conditions of Service) Act, 2016.

(ii) The applicants, who have written the final year degree examination, may also apply for the Preliminary Examination for direct recruitment to the posts included in Group 1 Services, subject to the condition that they should produce proof for having passed the degree examination while uploading the original documents through internet for the main written examination (last date for this activity would be announced later) failing which they will not be admitted to the Main Written Examination.

(iii) The applicants, who have passed the final professional M.B.B.S or any other Medical Examination, but have not completed the internship, may also apply to the Preliminary Examination for direct recruitment to the posts included in Group 1 Services subject to the condition that they should submit when admitted to the main written examination a copy of certificate from the concerned authority of the University/Institution that they had passed the requisite final professional medical examination. In such cases, the applicants will be required to produce at the time of their certificate verification for oral test, original degree or a certificate from the concerned competent authority of the University/ Institution that they had completed all requirements (including completion of internship) for the award of the degree.

(iv) Applicants claiming equivalence of qualification to the prescribed qualification should upload and submit evidence for the equivalence of qualification in the form of G.O. issued prior to the date of this notification when called for, failing which, their application will be summarily rejected. The G.Os issued regarding equivalence of prescribed qualification after the date of this notification will not be accepted.

Age Limit: (As on 01.07.2019)

Age Concession

(i) For Differently Abled Persons Differently Abled Persons are eligible for age concession upto 10 years over and above the maximum age limit prescribed above.

(ii) For Ex-Servicemen (a) The maximum age limit is 53 years for the applicants who belong to SCs, SCs(A), STs, MBCs/DCs, BCs and BCMs. (b) The maximum age limit is 48 years for “Others” (i.e.) applicants not belonging to any of the above said categories. (c) The above mentioned age concession will not apply to the Ex-Servicemen applicants those who have already been recruited to any class or service or category.

Note

(i) “Others” [i.e., applicants not belonging to SCs, SC(A)s, STs, MBCs/DCs, BCs and BCMs] who have put in 5 years and more of service in the State / Central Government are not eligible to apply even if they are within the age limit.

(ii) Instructions given with regard to maximum age limit under para 5 of the “Instructions to Applicants” will not apply to this recruitment.

Salary Details:

Selection Procedure:

TNPSC may follow the following process to select the candidates.

Application Fee/Exam Fee: 

How to apply TNPSC Group 1 Recruitment 2018?  

Candidates satisfying the above eligibility conditions Use Following Procedure Given Below to Apply Online:

Step 1: Log on to TNPSC Careers Page at official website to www.tnpsc.gov.in

Step 2: Eligible candidates are advised to open Notification

Step 3: Read the Advertisement carefully to be sure about your eligibility

Step 4: Click on “Click here for New Registration”, if you are a new user.

Step 5: Fill your Academic Qualification & Other Related Information as per the instructions

Step 6: Ensure the information provided is correct

Step 7: Complete the Registration & Click on “Submit” & Make Payments

Step 8: Take a print out of online application for future use.

Important Dates to Remember: 

TNPSC Group 1 Syllabus & Question Papers:  

TNPSC Group 1 Official Notification & Application Link:

Elections are the basic foundation for democracy. As Winston Churchill said, “Democracy is the worst form of government, but we do not know better than that”. Yes the existing form of democracy must be subjected to continuous and innovative reforms. As far as India is concerned, we cannot say that the democratic system has not worked, as envisaged by the founding fathers of our constitution.

The illiteracy and poverty of the voters have been fully exploited by the unscrupulous politicians. In fifties and sixties of last century, there were dedicated leaders who were concerned mainly the welfare of the people and integrity of the nation. The emergence of regional parties had started spreading parochial political ideas. Mostly, as the leadership was an unquestionable one, when the party came to power, they indulged in safeguarding their positions at voter’s cost. A separate statute must define the parameters of the regional parties. Minimum educational qualification or an entrance test can be considered to test their political knowledge and their mindset towards public service and understanding of socio-economic problems of those who wish the contest the elections. The most disturbing phenomenon in India is emergence of full time political leaders and workers.

It has been worsened by recent introduction of electoral bonds. The anonymity of the donors to the political parties is maintained. The party-interest had overtaken the national interest. Though India needs a lot of electoral reforms, the only reform, that must come from voters of denying the bribe for vote will eliminate ninety percent of defects in our electoral system.

Money launching and terrorist financing are significant financial frauds. Complexity of issues and laws involved in solving the cases of those involved, pave way for their escape sometimes with connivance of politician.

Approximately 73 lakh crore rupees have been lost due to the economic scams world wide and India has lost more than 2 lakh crores. It is acutely felt in recent years. These scams have affected the economic activities. The banks are reluctant to endorse loans because of frauds. In India banks are in need of funds for further activities. Recently, the government has issued directives to many banks not to sanction fresh loans and three nationalised banks have been merged into one entity to reduce the losses and expenses. The Central government is seeking funds from Reserve Bank of India to infuse them into the market to keep the money flow steady and credit outflow is maintained at normal levels. As Bank frauds cannot take place without collusion with Bank officers, strict vigilance must be maintained by a body created for this purpose. Severe actions – both criminal and civil will curtail the fraud to a larger extent.